Resources
IACP's resources are aimed at helping law enforcement executives do their jobs better and cover a variety of topics, including professional development, leadership, management, and supervision, as well as hot topics such as ethics.
Resources
EXPIRED Deployment of Law Enforcement Agencies under the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)
WHEREAS, the purpose of the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is to provide for mutual assistance between states entering into the compact in managing any emergency or disaster that is duly declared by the governor of the affected state or states, whether arising from natural disaster, technological hazard, man-made disaster, civil emergency, aspects of resource shortages, community disorders, insurgency, or enemy attack; and
WHEREAS, this compact also provides for mutual cooperation in emergency-related exercises, testing, or other training activities using equipment and personnel simulating performance of any aspect of the giving and receiving of aid by party states or subdivisions of party states during emergencies, such actions occurring outside actual declared emergency periods; and
WHEREAS, on behalf of the governor of each state participating in the compact, the legally designated state official who is assigned responsibility for emergency management has been deemed responsible for formulation of the appropriate interstate mutual aid plans and procedures necessary to implement this compact, and it is the responsibility of each party state to formulate procedural plans and programs for interstate cooperation in the performance of the responsibilities listed in the compact; and
WHEREAS, it is the designated state official's responsibility to review party states' individual emergency plans and develop a plan which will determine the mechanism for the interstate management and provision of assistance concerning any potential emergency; and
WHEREAS, each party state shall afford to the emergency forces of any party state, while operating within its state limits under the terms and conditions of this compact, the same powers except that of arrest, unless specifically authorized by the receiving state; and
WHEREAS, this request for mutual assistance, when it includes the use of the resources of a state or local law enforcement agency, must include and address the transference or granting of arrest powers and the use of weapons and deadly physical force to the law enforcement agencies of the providing state by the government of the receiving state; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED that the IACP duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, supports the concepts of the Emergency Management Assistance Compact to facilitate law enforcement mutual aid assistance between states; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED that the IACP supports that the agencies most affected and best suited to discuss and address the issues related to powers of arrest, use of weapons and deadly physical force, tort liability, and legal immunity for police actions taken by assisting law enforcement agencies when assistance is requested are the lead law enforcement agencies of the involved states; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED that anytime that law enforcement resources are involved, the IACP supports the inclusion of the lead law enforcement agencies of both the requesting state(s) and providing state(s) in every step of the EMAC process including in the initial process of determining the appropriate level of assistance required, the intermediate process of preparing the required paperwork to make a formal EMAC request ("REQ-A") to insure that matters related to powers of arrest, the use of weapons and deadly physical force, and tort liability and legal immunity for police actions taken are given due consideration and are clearly outlined, agreed upon, and resolved in the written EMAC request prepared for the requesting Governor's signature, as well as in the deployment process to insure all accountability and documentation requirements are met.
Submitted by: Homeland Security Committee
CHS.003.T14
EXPIRED Increasing the Awareness of the Lethality of Intimate Partner Strangulation
WHEREAS, strangulation is an indicator of the escalation of violence and associated with increased risk of serious injury and/or death in cases of intimate partner violence;1,2,3 and
WHEREAS, strangulation has been identified as one of the most lethal forms of domestic violence and sexual assault; 4 and is used to exert power over a victim by taking from them control of their own body;5 and
WHEREAS, when strangled, unconsciousness and anoxic brain injury may occur within seconds and death within minutes; and
WHEREAS, oftentimes, even in fatal cases, there is no external evidence of injury from strangulation, yet because of underlying brain damage due to the lack of oxygen during the strangulation assault, victims may have serious internal injuries or die days or even weeks, later; and
WHEREAS, many first responders lack specialized training to identify the signs and symptoms of strangulation and often focus on visible, obvious injuries like stab wounds or contusions. This lack of training has led to the minimization of this type of violence, exposing victims to potential serious short- and long-term health consequences, permanent brain damage, and increased likelihood of death; and
WHEREAS, there is a need to develop more experts in the field of strangulation and to use those experts in court proceedings to educate juries and judges so that they understand the signs and symptoms associated with this crime, and the severity of this crime;6 and
WHEREAS, some jurisdictions nationwide have taken legislative measures to address the brutality and lethality of strangulation assaults, many states, to date, still do not adequately address strangulation in their law enforcement training and/or criminal statutes, underestimating the significance of the act of strangulation and potential lethality;7,8and
WHEREAS, lacking specific legislation and specialized training, many near-fatal strangulation cases are prosecuted as misdemeanors crimes. However, given the lethality of strangulation, offenders should be held accountable with a penalty that is commensurate with the nature of their crimes which is the equivalent of attempted homicide or serious felonious assault;9,10 now, therefore be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, supports statutes and legislation that hold perpetrators accountable for the potentially lethal strangulation assaults, and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police supports training efforts, documentation forms and processes, and multidisciplinary partnerships for law enforcement that specifically address the occurrence, signs, symptoms, effective investigation, and the increased lethality of the power and control dynamics of strangulation assaults in cases of domestic and sexual violence.
Submitted by: Victim Services Committee
VIC.004.T14
1Allison Turkel. "And Then He Choked Me: Understanding and Investigating Strangulation." National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse. Update. Volume 20, Number 8, 2007.
2 Gael B. Strack and Casey Gwinn. "On the Edge of Homicide: Strangulation as a Prelude." Criminal Justice. Volume 26, number 3, Fall 2011.
3 Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention and the California District Attorneys Association. The Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. 2013.
4 Allison Turkel. "And Then He Choked Me: Understanding and Investigating Strangulation." National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse. Update. Volume 20, Number 8, 2007.
5 Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention and the California District Attorneys Association. The Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. 2013.
6Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention and the California District Attorneys Association. The Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. 2013.
7 Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention and the California District Attorneys Association. The Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. 2013.
8 Strangulation in Domestic Violence Cases: Overcoming Evidentiary Challenges to Reduce Lethality, Melissa Paluch, Development in New York State Family Law, Spring 2013
9 Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention and the California District Attorneys Association. The Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases. 2013.
10 Strangulation in Domestic Violence Cases: Overcoming Evidentiary Challenges to Reduce Lethality, Melissa Paluch, Development in Ney York State Family Law, Spring 2013.
EXPIRED Pretrial Release and Detention Process
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Pretrial Release and Detention Process
Submitted by: Research Advisory Committee
RAC.005.T14
WHEREAS, in 2011, the IACP membership ratified a resolution proposed by the Research Advisory Committee calling for a national law enforcement summit to address the need for bail reform and, in particular, the urgent need for more robust pretrial services that conduct dangerousness assessments for use by the judiciary when considering pretrial release as detailed within the publication launched by IACP in collaboration with the Bureau of Justice Assistance and the Pretrial Justice Institute, titled Law Enforcement's Leadership Role in the Pretrial Release and Detention Process; and
WHEREAS, in the United States, an estimated 12 million arrests are made each year, with the vast majority of those arrests being for non-violent crimes (United States Department of Justice); and
WHEREAS, the pretrial release and detention process currently utilized throughout most of the United States relies on limited information and the use of a bail schedule, without considering empirically developed information regarding individual risks posed by defendants; and
WHEREAS, only 10 percent of jurisdictions use a validated, empirically developed risk assessment to inform their pretrial release decisions (Pretrial Justice Institute); and
WHEREAS, many jurisdictions have limited legal options to detain individuals who pose an unmanageable pretrial risk or danger other than by setting a high secured bail amount in the hopes the defendant cannot pay; and
WHEREAS, our current resource/money-based pretrial release system enables over 50 percent of defendants who are rated higher risk to be released pretrial and defendants who are rated lower risk are more regularly detained (VanNostrand, Lowenkamp, & Holsinger); and
WHEREAS, pretrial detainees account for more than 60 percent of the inmate population in U.S. jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics); and
WHEREAS, the risk principle suggests that the most intensive interventions, such as pretrial detention or pretrial supervision, should be reserved for the highest and moderate risk individuals, respectively, and that such interventions are ineffective or harmful if applied to low risk individuals (Lowenkamp & Latessa); and
WHEREAS, defendants rated low risk and detained pretrial for longer than one day before their pretrial release are more likely to commit a new crime once they are released, demonstrating that length of time until pretrial release has a direct impact on public safety (VanNostrand et al.); and
WHEREAS, finding ways to improve pretrial release/detention decision making may prove to be the key to increasing public safety, significantly reducing unnecessary justice system costs, and providing a more just legal system; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) calls for law enforcement leaders to advocate in their jurisdictions, regions, and states for: the use of a validated, empirically based risk assessment tool in making pretrial release and detention decisions; legislation enabling the judiciary to use preventive detention for high-risk individuals; and the establishment of more robust pretrial supervision services, with the purposes of improving public safety.
Bibliography
2009 Survey of Pretrial Services Programs. Pretrial Justice Institute, 11 Aug. 2009. 4 June 2014.
<http://www.pretrial.org/download/pji-reports/new-PJI%202009%20Survey%20of%20Pretrial%20Services%20Programs.pdf>
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (October 2013). Crime in the United States, 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2014 , from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/persons-arrested/persons-arrested
Lowenkamp, Christopher T., and Edward J. Latessa. "Understanding the Risk Principle: How and Why Correctional Interventions Can Harm Low-Risk Offenders." Topics in Community Correction (2004): 3-8. 4 June 2014.
Minton, Todd D., and Daniela Golinelli. Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical Tables. U.S. Department of Justice: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014.
VanNostrand, Marie, Christopher T. Lowenkamp, and Alexander Holsinger. The Hidden Costs of Pretrial Detention. Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Nov. 2013. Web. 4 June 2014.
VanNostrand, Marie, and Christopher T. Lowenkamp. Assessing Pretrial Risk without a Defendant Interview. www.arnoldfoundation.org. Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Nov. 2013. Web. 4 June 2014.
EXPIRED Sex Trafficking of Children and Minors Nationally and Internationally
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Sex Trafficking of Children and Minors Nationally and Internationally
Sponsored by: Juvenile Justice and Child Protection Committee, Victim Services Committee and Committee on Homeland Security
JUV.006.T14
WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) recognizes that sex trafficking of children and minors is a severe form of Human Trafficking, that, according to federal law, involves "(t)he recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age 1 and
WHEREAS, the IACP recognizes that any child (under the age of 18) engaged in commercial sex should be treated as a potential and likely victim of trafficking; and
WHEREAS, IACP recognizes that, while there is a lack of reliable statistics on the incidence and prevalence of sex trafficking of children and minors within the United States,2 it is a crime that is affecting children nationally and internationally; and
WHEREAS, IACP recognizes that sex trafficking of children and minors within the United States impacts law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels and often has agency-wide impact on law enforcement organizations, involving multiple divisions such as Criminal Investigations, Vice, Gangs, Narcotics, Missing Juveniles/Runaways, Computer Crime, Organized Crime, and Sex Crimes and Human Trafficking; and
WHEREAS, child victims of sex trafficking suffer chronic sexual abuse and exploitation, as well as emotional, psychological, and/or physical abuse; endure threats, coercion, and/or manipulation by traffickers which often leads to the victim forming a psychological bond with the trafficker similar to the trauma-bond in domestic violence and hostage situations (e.g. Stockholm Syndrome), which prevents the victims from identifying themselves as victims and asking for help (which may make the victims appear complicit in their own victimization); and
WHEREAS, traffickers, often referred to as "pimps," include males and females of all types, who are coercive and skilled at manipulating victims and the criminal justice system in order to gain power and control to ensure the continued operation of their criminal enterprise; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the IACP calls for sex trafficking of children and minors to be understood as acts of abuse and violence against children and adolescents; that minors who are trafficked for sexual purposes should not be considered criminally responsible for the commercial sex act that they are the victims of; and that identification of victims as well as any interventions should do no further harm to these victims; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP opposes the criminalization of victims of sex trafficking as it relates to the commercial sex acts that they are the victims of; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP calls for training at all levels of law enforcement, nationally and internationally, including educating front line officers on how to recognize and respond to it in the field; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP calls on law enforcement to investigate both the supply side (pimps/traffickers) as well as the demand side (buyers) of sex trafficking; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP supports building and strengthening relationships between law enforcement, the community, and victim service organizations to recognize, respond, refer, and assist victims; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP calls for collaboration between local, state and federal law enforcement agencies to share information and resources to identify and respond to victims and hold traffickers accountable; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP calls for the law enforcement community to advocate at the local, state and federal legislative levels to increase the priority and allocation of local, state and federal resources to combat the sex trafficking of children and minors; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP, assembled at the 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, strongly encourages law enforcement agencies to develop a coordinated response and protocol on sex trafficking of children and minors in their communities.
1 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act
2 Institute of Medicine, "Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States." (2013)
EXPIRED Support for Local Implementation of Upgrades to Improve Quality of Criminal Investigations
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Support for Local Implementation of Upgrades to Improve Quality of Criminal Investigations
Submitted by: Civil Rights Committee, Forensics Committee, Police Administration Committee, Police Investigative Operations Committee, Professional Standards, Image and Ethics Committee and Victim Services Committee
FOR.007.T14
WHEREAS, law enforcement is the most visible component of the criminal justice system; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement commonly serves as the lead body in conducting a criminal investigation; and
WHEREAS, a community empowers and trusts law enforcement to impartially and fully investigate crime; and
WHEREAS, a criminal investigation is a search for the truth with goals to exonerate the innocent and to identify and apprehend the perpetrator of a crime predicated upon facts and evidence; and
WHEREAS, charging a person with a crime requires demonstration to a court of competent jurisdiction the existence of probable cause that leads a reasonable person to conclude that a definable criminal act occurred and that the accused was the likely perpetrator; and
WHEREAS, the quality and integrity of a criminal investigation has material impact on the final adjudication of a criminal allegation by a court of law in finding the accused either guilty or not guilty; and
WHEREAS, in rare instances a finding of guilt is reversed due to a wrongful conviction; and
WHEREAS, when there is a wrongful conviction, harm can be inflicted on the individual wrongfully convicted, family members, victims, witnesses, police officers, prosecutors, judges, and members of the jury; and
WHEREAS, conviction of the wrong person ensures that the guilty party is free to continue criminal behavior; and
WHEREAS, in the aftermath of a wrongful conviction, law enforcement frequently suffers the brunt of diminished community trust which is essential to the maintenance of public order; and
WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has long recognized the importance of excellence in conducting criminal investigations; and
WHEREAS, IACP members from several countries have been dealing with the issues of wrongful convictions within their purview and have engaged in reviews and inquiries to understand and address wrongful convictions; and
WHEREAS, the IACP continues to provide a broad spectrum of support to law enforcement through comprehensive research, model policies, issue papers, training, agency audits and legislative initiatives all designed to improve and institutionalize the quality and integrity of criminal investigations across the law enforcement profession; and
WHEREAS, the IACP is a leader in forming and maintaining collaborative efforts as evidenced by continuing work with the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, as well as private sector organizations to ensure excellence in criminal investigations; and
WHEREAS, the IACP, in full cooperation with the Office of Justice Programs and in response to membership interest, completed far-reaching work leading to the development of strategies and tactics to avoid law enforcement investigative action or inaction that may result in a wrongful conviction; and
WHEREAS, the findings, conclusions and recommendations of this far reaching work are published in a report titled, "National Summit on Wrongful Convictions: Building a Systemic Approach to Prevent Wrongful Convictions"; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the IACP duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, urges all United States of America law enforcement and criminal justice agencies to consider the findings of the "National Summit on Wrongful Convictions: Building a Systemic Approach to Prevent Wrongful Convictions" report for applicability in their jurisdictions, and to use the report as the source document for future actions and recommendations to improve criminal investigative strategies, policies and practices when determined appropriate by an individual law enforcement agency in order to ultimately prevent wrongful convictions; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED, the IACP encourages all law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in countries separate of the United States of America to adopt the appropriate findings, conclusions and recommendations contained in reports resulting from their inquiries and reviews to address the issues of wrongful convictions, and, where no such report exists, that they give just consideration to adopting as appropriate the findings, conclusions and recommendations contained in the aforementioned report in order to ultimately prevent wrongful convictions.
EXPIRED Support for the Call for Law Enforcement Agencies to Adopt Rules and Procedures Calling for Follow Up Investigation When Notified of a DNA Match
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Support for the Call for Law Enforcement Agencies to Adopt Rules and Procedures Calling for Follow Up Investigation When Notified of a DNA Match
Submitted by: Forensics Committee
FOR.008.T14
WHEREAS, law enforcement is the most visible component of the criminal justice system; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement commonly serves as the lead body in conducting a criminal investigation; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement relies upon forensic laboratories to analyze evidence as part of any criminal investigation including submitting to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS); and
WHEREAS, one of the tests often conducted by labs is DNA testing; and
WHEREAS, crime laboratories forward results of testing back to the requesting agency; and
WHEREAS, once received, it is the responsibility of the receiving agency to conduct and further the investigation based on DNA and CODIS database results including getting confirmation samples of any CODIS matches in a timely manner; and
RESOLVED, that the IACP duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, urges all law enforcement and criminal justice agencies to adopt rules and procedures calling for those agencies to fully investigate the results of all DNA testing and CODIS database investigative leads in a timely manner.
EXPIRED Support for the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero Campaign
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Support for the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero Campaign
Submitted by: IACP Division of State and Provincial Police, State Association of Chiefs of Police, and Highway Safety Committee
SP.009.T14
WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), led by the Division of State and Provincial Police, State Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Highway Safety Committee, recognize law enforcement leaders have an obligation to work together to reduce highway fatalities; and
WHEREAS, in 2013 over 33,000 lives were lost on our highways due to traffic related crashes, and highway fatalities ranked as one of the top 12 causes of death in the United States; and
WHEREAS, in an effort to safeguard the public as well as first responders and other emergency personnel whose duties require them to utilize the roadside, the Division of State and Provincial Police, State Association of Chiefs of Police, and Highway Safety Committee will lead an effort to reduce highway fatalities by 15 percent in 2014 through the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero campaign; and
WHEREAS, the success of this campaign will be achieved by committing to data-driven enforcement; focusing on seat belt usage, speed enforcement, and targeting impaired and distracted driving. The campaign will also include enforcement actions against the unsafe driving behaviors of the operators of large trucks and buses; and
WHEREAS, this will be accomplished through educational and awareness programs, such as the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero campaign and the nationwide Move Over campaign, high-visibility traffic enforcement, and the commitment to strengthening partnerships at all levels; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED that the IACP duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, supports the effort of the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero campaign; and, be it
FURTHER RESOLVED the Drive to Save Lives/Drive to Zero campaign is a multi-year, ongoing effort by state police and highway patrols, county sheriffs, and municipal police agencies, to prevent the needless deaths that occur on roadways each year.
EXPIRED Assisted Outpatient Treatment
WHEREAS, law enforcement officers are often the first responders to individuals in mental health crises; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement officers continue to experience an increase in interactions with people with severe mental illness; and
WHEREAS, such interactions consume a disproportionate amount of limited law enforcement resources; and
WHEREAS, approximately 40 percent of individuals with severe mental illness are not receiving treatment, primarily because the illness affects their ability to voluntarily participate in needed care; and
WHEREAS, noncompliance with treatment, specifically non-adherence to medication, is strongly associated with hospitalization, suicide, victimization, violence and relapse; and
WHEREAS, noncompliance with treatment is also strongly associated with arrest and incarceration, resulting in a disproportionate representation of individuals with severe mental illness in the criminal justice system; and
WHEREAS, a 2014 report found that 10 times more persons with mental illness are in prisons and jails than are receiving treatment in state psychiatric hospitals; and
WHEREAS, Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) provides court-ordered treatment in the community for high-risk individuals with severe mental illness and a history of treatment noncompliance, as a less restrictive alternative to inpatient hospitalization; and
WHEREAS, more than two decades of research and practice document AOT as an effective tool to improve outcomes for this focus population, including reduced hospitalizations, arrests, incarcerations, crime, victimization and violence while increasing treatment adherence and substance abuse treatment outcomes; and
WHEREAS, numerous state and local law enforcement associations support and have championed the passage and implementation of AOT programs; and
WHEREAS, the Department of Justice deemed AOT to be an effective evidence-based program for reducing crime and violence; and
WHEREAS, studies amply demonstrate AOT's effectiveness in reducing arrests and incarcerations, e.g., a recent study of New York State's signature AOT program ("Kendra's Law") concluded that the "odds of arrest in any given month for participants who were currently receiving AOT were nearly two-thirds lower" than those not receiving AOT; and
WHEREAS, AOT also produces significant taxpayer/system cost savings, ultimately increasing overall service capacity and leading to greater access for both voluntary and involuntary recipients. A cost-impact study in New York City found net cost savings of 50 percent in the first year and an additional 13 percent in the second year; a study in North Carolina reported similar cost savings of 40 percent; now, therefore be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, recommends the authorization, implementation, appropriate funding, and consistent use of Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) laws to ensure treatment in the least restrictive setting possible for individuals whose illness prevents them from otherwise accessing such care voluntarily.
Submitted by: State Associations of Chiefs of Police, Psychological Services Section and
Police Physicians Section
SACOP.010.T14
Bibliography
Alia-Klein, N., O'Rourke, T., Goldstein, R., et al. (2007). Insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 86-96.
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Biasotti, Michael C. Management of the severely mentally ill and its effects on homeland security. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Ca. Dept. of National Security Affairs, 2011.
Chapman, S.C., Horne, R. (2013). Medication nonadherence and psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(5),446-552.
Elbogen, E., Van Dorn, A., Swanson JW, et al. (2006). Treatment engagement and violence risk in mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189,354-360.
Franks, M., Macritchie, K., Mahmood, T., Young, A. (2008) Bouncing back: is the bipolar rebound phenomenon peculiar to lithium? A retrospective naturalistic study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 452-456.
Gilbert, A., Moser, L., Van Dorn, R., Swanson, J., Wilder, C., Robbins, P., Keator, K., Steadman, H., & Swartz, M. (2010). Reductions in arrest under assisted outpatient treatment in New York. Psychiatric Services 61: 996-999.
Gilmer, T., Dolder, C., Lacro, J., et al. (2004). Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:692-699.
Hiday, V., et al. (1999). Criminal Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 50, 62-68.* Individuals with severe psychiatric disorders who were not taking medication were found to be 2.7 times more likely to be the victim of a violent crime (assault, rape, or mugging) than the general population.
Lattimore, P. K., Broner, N., Sherman, R., Frisman, L., & Shafer, M. S. (2003). A comparison of prebooking and postbooking diversion programs for mentally ill substance-using individuals with justice involvement. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19(1), 30-64. **Individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse who are noncompliant with medication have a threefold increase in risk for arrest and are significantly more likely to be at risk for violent behavior.
Leucht S., Heres S. (2006). Epidemiology, clinical consequences, and psychosocial treatment of nonadherence in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(Suppl. 5), 3-8.
Morken, G., Widen, J., Grawe, R. (2008). Non-adherence to antipsychotic medication, relapse and rehospitalisation in recent-onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 8,32-8.
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Munetz, M.R., Grande, T.P., & Chambers, M.R. (2001). The incarceration of individuals with severe mental disorders. Community Mental Health, 34:361-71.** Nearly 90 percent of a sample of individuals with severe mental illness in a local jail were partially or completely non-complaint with medication in the year before they were incarcerated.
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http://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=228
New York State Office of Mental Health. 2005. Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment.
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Shelton, D., Ehret, M. J., Wakai, S., Kapetanovic, T., & Moran, M. (2010). Psychotropic medication adherence in correctional facilities: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 17(7), 603-613.
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Swanson, J., Swartz, M., Essock, S., et al. (2002). The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1523-1531.
Swanson, J., Van Dorn, R., Swartz, M., Robbins, P., Steadman, H., McGuire, T., & Monahan, J. (2013). The cost of assisted outpatient treatment: Can it save states money? American Journal of Psychiatry 170:1423-1432.
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Swartz, M., Swanson, J., Steadman, H., Robbins, P., & Monahan J. (2009). New York state assisted outpatient treatment program evaluation. Duke University School of Medicine.
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Valenstein, M., Copeland, L., Blow, F., et al. (2002). Pharmacy data identify poorly adherent patients with schizophrenia at increased risk for admission. Med Care 40:630-639.
Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J., Johnson, N. (2011). Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
Velligan, D., Weiden, P., Sajatovic, M., Scott, J., Carpenter, D., Ross, R., Docherty, J., (2009). The expert consensus guideline series: adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 70 Suppl 4:1-46; quiz 47-8.
Weiden, P., Kozma, C., Grogg, A., et al. (2004). Partial compliance and risk of rehospitalization among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 55:886-891.
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EXPIRED Opposing Increases in Size and Weight of Large Trucks
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Opposing Increases in Size and Weight of Large Trucks
Submitted by: Highway Safety Committee
HSC.011.T14
WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is concerned with the safety of motorists on U.S. highways and the reliability of the U.S. infrastructure, and
WHEREAS, in 2012, there were 3,921 people killed in traffic crashes involving large trucks, an increase of 4 percent from 2011, and 104,000 people injured, an increase of 18 percent from 2011;1 and
WHEREAS, in 2012, large trucks were 23 percent more likely to be involved in fatal multiple-vehicle crashes as opposed to fatal single-vehicle crashes, than were passenger cars;2 and
WHEREAS, in 2012, nearly 18 percent of all large-truck drivers involved in fatal crashes had at least one prior speeding conviction;3 and
WHEREAS, in 2012, only 4 percent of registered vehicles in the United States were large trucks or buses, yet they accounted for 12 percent of the traffic fatalities;4 and
WHEREAS, in 2012, 24 percent of fatal crashes in work zones involved a large truck;5 and
WHEREAS, in FY 2013, 3,491,423 truck inspections were performed nationwide, resulting in 6,261,799 violations and resulting in 942,046 "Out of Service" violations;6 and
WHEREAS, an increase in truck size and weight would place an increased burden on an already short-staffed number of trained commercial vehicle enforcement officers; and
WHEREAS, more than half of the bridges in the National Highway System are more than 40 years old and nearly 25 percent are rated as structurally deficient or functionally obsolete;7 and
WHEREAS, heavier trucks would deteriorate infrastructure more rapidly, would overtax the suspension and braking systems, impact steering and control, and increase injury severity due to increased kinetic energy in crashes, and
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police opposes any increase in the size and weight limits of large trucks on our nation's roadways.
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1 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Traffic Safety Facts 2012 - Large Trucks -DOT HS 811 868
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Commercial Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety Facts, Strategies and Partnerships, November, 2013
5 Ibid
6 U.S. DOT, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Analysis & Information Online, Roadside Inspection Activity
7 U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Bridges and Structures, 2013
EXPIRED Campaign to Establish Grassroots Awareness of Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty
WHEREAS, one of the goals of SafeShield, an initiative by the IACP, is to gather empirical data in a way that is complementary to the continuing work of the FBI Law Enforcement Officers Killed Analysis Project and to seek ways in which the research can acquire the ability to provide timely officer alerts about emerging safety threats; and
WHEREAS, the SafeShield Committee has identified that the police culture is far too accepting of police deaths with a commonly expressed view that death is an inherent risk of policing; and
WHEREAS, there have been 67 police officers killed in the line of duty in the first half of 2014, a 31 percent increase as compared to the first half of 2013, and several incidents involving the killing of multiple police officers, it has made officer safety a large issue on the minds of everyone in the law enforcement family; and
WHEREAS, when officer tragically loses his/her life in the line of duty, it is devastating to families, friends and fellow officers; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement professionals today face criminals who have better weapons, more willingness to be violent, demonstrated disdain for authority and disregard for human life; and
WHEREAS, the number of police officers killed in the line of duty in 2013 was 105.
WHEREAS, according to Department of Justice statistics, on the average a law enforcement officer is killed in the line of duty somewhere in the United States every 53 hours and annually, for every 1,000 police officers, 77.8 are the victim of a violent crime while on duty; and
WHEREAS, the PIO Section Membership is positioned to inform the community of police officers killed in the line of duty through various news media outlets; and, now therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, will establish a campaign to provide the approved speedy release of accurate information by the IACP Public Information Officers Section (PIOS) to local and regional news media outlets to make every incident of a police officer injured or killed in the line duty a matter of grassroots awareness; and be it, now,
FURTHUR RESOLVED, that the IACP take a leadership role in encouraging its member chiefs to establish a long-term, ramped-up effort to utilize existing databases to gather and analyze the causes of police deaths and provide that statistical information to the PIOS for dissemination to all news media outlets in the region concerning every incident where a police officer is killed in the line of duty to help raise the consciousness of and garner the support of the community; and be it, now,
FURTHUR RESOLVED, that the IACP President order that copies of this resolution be forwarded to the President of the National Sheriffs Association with a plea for their member sheriffs to join the IACP in the passage of this resolution.
Submitted by: Public Information Officers Section
PIO.013.T14
EXPIRED Raising Awareness of the Dangers of Fentanyl to Law Enforcement Personnel
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Raising Awareness of the Dangers of Fentanyl to Law Enforcement Personnel
Submitted by: Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs Committee
NDDC.015.T14
WHEREAS, fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance as set forth in the Controlled Substances Act; and
WHEREAS, under medical supervision, fentanyl is used as both an anesthetic and for pain management. As an analgesic, fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine; and
WHEREAS, fentanyl is 30-50 percent stronger than heroin and some estimates conclude that it is even 100 times more powerful; and
WHEREAS, fentanyl pharmaceuticals are available as lozenges (fentanyl "lollipops"), transdermal patches, and injectables. The Food and Drug Administration has warned that fentanyl patches are dangerous even after they have been used because they still contain high amounts of strong narcotic pain medication; and
WHEREAS, fentanyl is diverted for illicit use by pharmacy theft, illegal distribution by patients and registrants, fraudulent prescriptions, and clandestine manufacturing; and
WHEREAS, from 1995 to 2002, fentanyl-related hospital emergency department visits increased from 22 to 1,506; and
WHEREAS, during a 2005-2007 fentanyl outbreak (most of which occurred in Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia), there were over 1,000 deaths; and
WHEREAS, the biological effects of fentanyl are indistinguishable from heroin, except that fentanyl may be hundreds of times more potent than heroin; and
WHEREAS, illicit users commonly administer fentanyl by injection. However, like heroin, fentanyl may be smoked or snorted. In addition, fentanyl can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, oral exposure/ingestion, or skin contact. If fentanyl comes in contact with skin, it can be subsequently transferred by inadvertent touching of the mouth, nose, or other mucous membranes; and
WHEREAS, inadvertent contact with fentanyl causes a significant public safety danger for law enforcement personnel who come into contact with the substance; and
WHEREAS, the adverse effects of accidental or improper contact with fentanyl include rapid (within minutes) and profound disorientation, respiratory distress, and even cardiac arrest; and
WHEREAS, illicit distributors are cutting heroin with fentanyl, producing a particularly hazardous formulation that is sometimes fatal to even longtime opioid abusers, as well as selling fentanyl combined with non-narcotic adulterants; and
WHEREAS, seized fentanyl is frequently a white or off-white powdered substance, and has been seized in kilogram brick packaging, and thus may be mistaken for powdered cocaine; and
WHEREAS, field tests may return false positive results for cocaine or heroin. As a result, law enforcement may not be aware that they are handling fentanyl and may not exercise the caution necessary to ensure their safety; and
WHEREAS, due to its rapid rate of absorption into the body, as little as 0.1 to 0.15 mg (the size of a few grains of table salt) of pure fentanyl can be deadly; and
WHEREAS, as a result, the improper handling of fentanyl is dangerous and can be fatal; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement must be aware of the dangers associated with fentanyl to avoid accidental contact that poses the risk of serious bodily injury or death; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement must wear protective clothing and equipment to avoid accidental or improper contact while testing for the presence of fentanyl; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement should use the Special Opiates Reagent Test (Narco Pouch 902) to either confirm or rule out the presence of fentanyl or another opiate; and
WHEREAS, in the event of a fentanyl overdose, naloxone is an opioid antagonist and antidote that may be administered to quickly and effectively restore breathing. Higher doses or several doses of naloxone may be necessary for fentanyl overdoses; and therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of the Chiefs of Police duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, 2014, is concerned about the dangers law enforcement personnel are subject to each time they come into contact with fentanyl, and encourages greater awareness regarding these dangers and the best practices for safety and protection.
EXPIRED Raising Awareness That Opioid Abuse May Lead To Heroin Addiction
Adopted at the 121st Annual Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 21, 2014
Raising Awareness That Opioid Abuse May Lead To Heroin Addiction
Submitted by: Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs Committee
NDDC.016.T14
WHEREAS, in 2010, enough opioid pain relievers were sold to medicate every adult in the United States continuously for one month, reflecting a 300 percent increase in the sales rate of opioid pain relievers over an 11-year period of time; and
WHEREAS, prescription drugs are commonly the first drug abused by new initiates of illicit drug abuse; according to National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data, of the estimated 2.9 million new illicit drug users in 2012, more than 1 in 4 initiated with non-medical use of prescription drugs, second only to marijuana; and
WHEREAS, the estimated number of emergency department visits for non-medical use of prescription opiates/opioids increased 81 percent between 2007 and 2011; and the number of (non-heroin) opiate-related treatment admissions to publicly-funded facilities increased 89 percent from 2007 to 2011; and
WHEREAS, in 2010, opioid pain relievers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone were involved in more than 16,600 overdose deaths—approximately 45 Americans every day; and
WHEREAS, in 2010, the number of opioid overdose deaths was approximately 4 times greater than the number of overdose deaths occurring just a decade earlier in 2000; and
WHEREAS, in 2010, opioid pain relievers were involved in nearly 17,000 deaths, and approximately 4,400 drug poisoning deaths resulted from heroin overdoses in 2011; and
WHEREAS, drug overdose deaths, including those from prescription drugs, has surpassed motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of injury death in the United States; and
WHEREAS, there has been a troubling increase in the number of people using heroin, from 373,000 past users in 2007, to 669,000 in 2012; and
WHEREAS, data from the NSDUH collected annually from 2002 through 2011 reveals that the heroin incidence rate was 19 times higher among those who reported prior non-medical pain reliever use than among those who did not; and
WHEREAS, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has found that 4 out of 5 heroin initiates previously used prescription pain relievers for non-medical purposes; and
WHEREAS, because prescription pain pills cost $20 to $60 each while heroin costs $3 to $10 a bag, opioid abusers are increasingly moving to heroin as their drug of choice; and
WHEREAS, prescription drug availability in many areas has been curbed by enforcement and legislative action, opioid abusers are switching to heroin as availability is increasing; and the reformulation of OxyContin, making it more difficult to abuse, has led some opioid abusers to seek heroin as an alternative; and
WHEREAS, naloxone hydrochloride (hereinafter naloxone), an opioid antagonist, has successfully helped to reverse the potentially fatal respiratory depression caused by overdoses due to heroin, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, hydrocodone, codeine, and other opioids; and
WHEREAS, the use of naloxone by appropriately trained first responders and law enforcement officers to prevent the immediate loss of life due to an opioid overdose is encouraged. However, the use of naloxone cannot alleviate the long-term health and social consequences associated with opioid addiction or eradicate the crime that often supports an addict's drug habits; and
WHEREAS, the best approach to fighting opioid addiction, overdose, and death remains prevention through education, treatment, and vigorous law enforcement; and therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police duly assembled at its 121st Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida, 2014, urges the law enforcement community to continue to emphasize the importance of education, treatment, and vigorous law enforcement as the primary tools for combatting opioid addiction, overdose, and death within our communities, while at the same time encouraging the use of naloxone to reverse the effects of opioid overdoses when required to save lives.
