Submitted by: Division of State and Provincial Police, Division of State Association of Chiefs of Police, and Highway Safety Committee

HSC.01.20

WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) recognizes law enforcement leaders have an obligation to work together to enhance protection for child passengers in motor vehicles; and

WHEREAS, in the United States, in 2018, 636 children under the age of 13 were killed in traffic crashes, and 191 of those children were unrestrained at the time of the crash;1 and

WHEREAS, child safety seats decrease the risk of a fatal injury by 71 percent among infants and 54 percent among young children;2 and

WHEREAS, booster seats reduce the likelihood of serious injury by 45 percent among children ages four to eight, when compared to seat belts alone;3 and

WHEREAS, restraint use for children under eight was at 90.4 percent in 2018, down from 92.8 percent in 2017;4 and

WHEREAS, child restraint use in rear seats decreased to 91.3 percent in 2018 from 93.2 percent in 2017;5 and

WHEREAS, in 2017, children under five years of age were saved by car seats 325 times;6 therefore, be it

RESOLVED that any legislation introduced to enhance child safety in motor vehicles shall include the following definitions: “child restraint system”—any device, except Type I or Type II seat belts, designed for use in a motor vehicle to restrain, seat, or position children who weigh 80 pounds (36 kg) or less. To comply, a child restraint system in the United States must meet all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle

Safety Standards including FMVSS 213, and “properly secured”—used in accordance with child restraint system manufacturer instructions, including manufacturer height and weight limits, proper attachment to the vehicle, correct securement of the child and expiry dates; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED that the following best practice child restraint recommendations are consistent with the most current guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA):

• Infants and Toddlers: Infants and toddlers should ride in rear-facing car seats until they reach maximum rear-facing weight or height allowed by specific car seat instructions.
• Toddlers and Preschoolers: Children who exceed the rear-facing weight or height limit for their convertible car seats should ride in forward-facing car seats with internal harnesses until they reach maximum forward-facing weight or height allowed by specific car seat instructions.
• School-Age Children: Children who exceed the forward-facing weight or height limit for their forward-facing car seats with harnesses should ride in belt-positioning boosters until the vehicle seat belts alone fit correctly.
• Older Children: Children who are mature enough and large enough for the vehicle seat belts alone to fit correctly should always ride with seat belts across lap and shoulder. Vehicle seat belts fit correctly when a child is sitting all the way back against the vehicle seat back with the child’s knees bending over the vehicle seat edge, the lap belt is fitted snugly across the child's thighs and lower hips and not on the abdomen, and the shoulder strap snugly crosses the center of the child's chest between the neck and top  of the shoulder. 
• Seating Position: All children under age 13 should ride in the rear vehicle seat.

1 Injury Facts, “Child Restraint.”

2 Injury Facts, “Child Restraint.”

3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Child Passenger Safety: Get the Facts,” October 2020.

4 Jacob Enriquez, Occupant Restraint Use in 2018: Results from the NOPUS Controlled Intersection Study (Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA], 2019).

5 Enriquez, Occupant Restraint Use in 2018.

6 CDC, “Child Passenger Safety,” December 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/features/child-passenger- safety/index.html

Submitted by: Highway Safety Committee

HSC.02.20

WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is concerned with the safety of motorists on U.S. highways and the reliability of the U.S. infrastructure; and

WHEREAS, in 2018, there were 4,951 people killed in traffic crashes involving large trucks;7 and

WHEREAS, in 2018, large trucks were 19 percent more likely to be involved in fatal multiple- vehicle crashes as opposed to fatal single-vehicle crashes, than were passenger cars;8 and

WHEREAS, in 2018, over 20 percent of all large-truck drivers involved in fatal crashes had at least one prior speeding conviction;9 and

WHEREAS, between 2009 and 2017, the number of fatal crashes involving large trucks increased by 42 percent;10 and

WHEREAS, in 2018, only 4 percent of registered vehicles in the United States were large trucks or buses, yet they accounted for 9 percent of vehicles involved in traffic fatalities;11and

WHEREAS, in 2017, 30 percent of fatal crashes in work zones involved a large truck;12 and

WHEREAS, in FY 2019, 3,353,356 truck inspections were performed nationwide, resulting in 1,942,204 violations and resulting in 935,391 “Out of Service” violations;13 and

WHEREAS, an increase in truck size and weight would place an increased burden on an already short- staffed number of trained commercial vehicle enforcement officers; and

WHEREAS, more than 41 percent of bridges are more than 50 years old14 and, as of 2019, 7.5 percent of the bridges nationwide are rated as poor;15 and

WHEREAS, heavier trucks would deteriorate infrastructure more rapidly, would overtax the suspension and braking systems, impact steering and control, and increase injury severity due to increased kinetic energy in crashes; therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the IACP opposes any increase in the size and weight limits of large trucks on U.S. highways.

7 NHTSA, “Large Trucks,” Traffic Safety Facts, March 2020.

8 NHTSA, “Large Trucks.”

9 NHTSA, “Large Trucks.”

10 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), National Freight Strategic Plan (Washington, DC: U.S. DOT, 2020).

11 NHTSA, “Large Trucks.”

12 U.S. DOT, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), “2018 CMV Traffic Safety Fact Sheet,” August 2019.

13 U.S. DOT, FMCSA, “Roadside Inspections,” November 2020.

14 U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), “Bridge Condition by Year Built,” 2019.

15 U.S. DOT, FHWA, “Bridge Condition by Highway System 2019.”

Submitted by: Highway Safety Committee

HSC.03.20

WHEREAS, license plates serve one common purpose; to identify motor vehicles; and

WHEREAS, while the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is generally supportive of technology advancements, the IACP does not support the issuance of digital license plates without the following provisions being addressed and will continue to monitor progress related to these provisions prior to taking a definitive position of support or opposition:

• The issuing authority has tested and proven the digital license plate to be reliably readable by license plate readers used by law enforcement, tolling, automated enforcement, and parking enforcement entities;
• The alphanumeric characters constituting the official license plate number be displayed whenever a vehicle, in motion, stationary, or unoccupied, is located in an area where the jurisdiction’s vehicle control code is enforceable;
• The adoption of a digital license plate is not be used as a precursor to remove the requirement of a front plate in those jurisdictions that currently require a front license plate;
• The digital license plate meets the design requirements outlined in a nationally recognized standard such as the License Plate Standard, Edition 2, in the United States published in 2020 by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA), including, but not limited to, minimum visibility from a given distance equivalent to no less than 75 feet;
• Investigators have sufficient access to a digital license plate device in order to ensure that they can adequately assess whether it has been damaged, hacked, or altered in any way; and conduct any necessary forensic investigations.

WHEREAS, the aforementioned requirements are paramount for fast and reliable identification of vehicles by law enforcement officers, other enforcement entities; and

WHEREAS, an effort to repeal the requirement for front license plates are sometimes made in response to budgetary or other non-safety-centric considerations; and

WHEREAS, if such efforts are successful, they would have a serious and negative effect on the ability of law enforcement officers to effectively identify vehicles or to initiate reasonable suspicion vehicle stops; therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the IACP recognizes that the efficient and reliable identification of vehicles is a critical element of national, state, and local safety and security and supports the issuance of front and rear license plates with clearly identifiable registration numbers and the jurisdiction of registration; and, be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that, while it is recognized that digital license plates can offer many public and highway safety benefits, those benefits cannot be maximized unless the aforementioned functional requirements are fully met.

Submitted by: Highway Safety Committee

HSC.04.20

WHEREAS, resources allocated for law enforcement activities are frequently insufficient to keep pace with the demands placed on agencies to respond to calls for service and threats to public safety; and

WHEREAS, decreasing social harm and improving the quality of life for communities continue to be primary missions of law enforcement agencies; and

WHEREAS, the need for law enforcement executives to provide timely and accurate data to justify expenditures and deployment decisions will only increase as federal, state, and local officials, along with the public, continue to scrutinize the allocation and transparency of tax dollars; and

WHEREAS, a community-focused, location- and evidence-based law enforcement philosophy has emerged as an effective strategy for addressing current issues of social harm and concerns for public safety; and

WHEREAS, hundreds of agencies have successfully implemented the Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) model and experienced reductions in traffic crashes, crime, and other social harms with improved community trust; and

WHEREAS, DDACTS 2.0 is a law enforcement operational model integrating location-based crime and traffic crash data to establish effective and efficient methods of deploying law enforcement and other resources and using analytical mapping to identify areas that have high incidences of crime and crashes; therefore be it

RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) recommends that all law enforcement agencies adopt DDACTS 2.0 model.

Submitted by: Highway Safety Committee

HSC.05.20

WHEREAS, law enforcement personnel are frequently first responders to traffic incidents and often act as scene commanders; and

WHEREAS, highway transportation incidents represent one of the leading causes of on-duty death and injury to first responders, including being struck by vehicles while working along the roadway or being exposed to unpredictable environmental factors; and

WHEREAS, most recent U.S. data indicate:

• 20,000 responders are injured at crash scenes every year16
• In 2019, 44 responders (18 LEOs) were killed17
• Traffic incidents account for 25 percent of all congestion on roadways18
• Almost 20 percent of all crashes are secondary to another incident;19

WHEREAS, traffic incidents often exacerbate traffic congestion and result in secondary vehicle crashes and increased danger to the public, and quick clearance of roadway incidents is important to preventing further incidents; and

WHEREAS, each law enforcement agency should decide upon the methodology to protect traffic incident scenes and clearance of those scenes without compromising the integrity of an investigation; and

WHEREAS, unplanned roadway events, staffing considerations, weather, terrain, and numerous other factors vary from incident to incident and make impractical typical applications, prescribed responses to, and mitigation of unplanned roadway incidents; and

WHEREAS, law enforcement agencies currently receive training in incident management, crash investigation, and roadway clearance; and

WHEREAS, "typical traffic incident management applications" are templates that may be adapted to myriad situations; therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) supports law enforcement agencies receiving training and using Traffic Incident Management (TIM) applications for unplanned traffic incidents; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP supports and participates with the Federal Highway Administration as a part of the Traffic Incident Management Executive Leadership Group (TIM ELG); and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP supports law enforcement agencies exploring the use of typical traffic incident management applications for unplanned traffic incidents, but opposes their inclusion in policies such as the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) to prevent their being interpreted as standards rather than as guidelines; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP encourages law enforcement agencies to commit sufficient resources to the planning and coordination process intended to aid in quick clearance strategies and TIM curriculum; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP encourages law enforcement agencies to commit to the training goals, such as the one described by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration TIM program and provide sufficient resources to the planning and coordination process intended to aid in quick clearance strategies and traffic incident management.

16 International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), Un-Jamming Traffic: Driving Toward Safer, Quicker Clearance  of Traffic Incidents (Alexandria, VA: IACP, 2020).

17 Jack Sullivan, 2019 ERSI Struck by Vehicles Fatalities Report (Harrisburg, PA: Cumberland Valley Volunteer Firemen’s Association Emergency Responder Safety institute, 2019).

18  IACP, Un-Jamming Traffic.

19 IACP, Un-Jamming Traffic.

Submitted by: Roadway Safety Committee

HSC.06.20

WHEREAS, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is concerned with the safety of law enforcement officers, firefighters, EMS and emergency medical personnel, tow operators, utility workers, and other first responders as they perform their duties on roadways; and,

WHEREAS, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted,20 over the last 10 full calendar years, 81 law enforcement officers, 16 percent of all “United States officers inadvertently killed,” were victims of struck-by-vehicle incidents, i.e., at the time of their deaths they were conducting traffic stops, roadblocks, directing traffic, assisting motorists, or were engaged in similar activities; and,

WHEREAS, 1221 of 4522 (27 percent) officers who died in vehicle incidents in 2019, were killed in vehicle struck-by incidents; and,

WHEREAS, in an effort to safeguard law enforcement officers, firefighters, EMS and emergency medical personnel, tow operators, utility workers, and other first responders whose duties require them to utilize the roadside, all 50 states have enacted Move Over legislation23 that typically requires motorists to either change lanes or slow down when approaching a law enforcement or emergency services vehicle that is parked or stopped on the roadside; and,

WHEREAS, the effectiveness of this legislation in every state is compromised by motorists’ being unaware of the existence of these statutes, as is demonstrated by a 2007 national poll sponsored by the National Safety Commission24 found that 71 percent of U.S. residents had not heard of such legislation; therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the IACP supports the increased enforcement and education of the motoring public on Move Over legislation.

20 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted.

21 Sullivan, 2019 ERSI Struck by Vehicles Fatalities Report.

22 Officer Down Memorial Page, “Statistics,” 2019.

23 NHTSA, “Move Over. It ’s the Law.” (fact sheet).

24 National Safety Commission, “Move Over America.”

Submitted by: Communications and Technology Committee Cosponsored by: Division of State and Provincial Police

CT.07.20

WHEREAS, commercial communications play an essential role in the delivery of law enforcement services; and

WHEREAS, the loss of these services directly impact critical communication systems such as enhanced 911 centers (E911) and public safety answering points (PSAP); and

WHEREAS, once a communications disruption is discovered, police play a critical role in directing recovery and restoral efforts, by assisting and directing commercial providers to locations to restore communication services; and

WHEREAS, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has created two systems for reporting commercial carrier outages and infrastructure damage; and

WHEREAS, in 2020, the FCC issued PS Docket No. 15-80 Proposing Rulemaking, which, if approved, would provide all states, through a statewide point of contact, direct access to FCC commercial carrier Network Outage Reporting System (NORS) and Disaster Information Reporting System (DIRS) information; and

WHEREAS, although all police agencies would benefit from direct access to FCC NORS and DIRS  disruption information, the FCC has admittedly limited resources to handle these direct notifications; therefore, the FCC considers dissemination to a statewide agencies with an ability to determine who “needs to know” about such communications interruptions within each state and allows those   individual state agencies to then share commercial carrier disruption information with appropriate state, and local public safety responding agencies with a “need to know” about such communications interruptions; and

WHEREAS, each state and territory has an established and federally recognized state fusion center that daily receives and disseminates sensitive law enforcement and other classifications of information on a “need to know” basis, using an established and recognized state and local distribution methodology for sensitive information; therefore, fusion centers provide a natural statewide point of contact for disseminating NORS and DIRS information to state and local public safety with a “need to know”; and

WHEREAS, all public safety would benefit from access to disruption and outages of any commercial carrier information within their respective jurisdictions reported to the FCC; thus, the FCC is encouraged to share information collected in their NORS and DIRS with state and local public safety through statewide fusion centers; therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) urges the FCC to approve PS Docket N0. 15-80 and to provide access to all NORS and DIRS data to every statewide or territorial fusion center for dissemination of qualifying commercial carrier communications outages to local police agencies for situational awareness and to assist commercial carriers in identifying paths to promptly restore their networks.

Submitted by: Communication and Technology Committee

Cosponsored by: Computer Crime and Digital Evidence Committee, Police Investigative Operations Committee

CTC.08.20

WHEREAS, when state and local first responders choose to use encryption, they must strike a balance between transparency of police operations that may build public trust, and a need at times to covertly operate to ensure operational security and protect call for service information about the citizens they serve. The use of encryption is a local decision, and this resolution is intended to recommend best public safety practices for land mobile radio (LMR) and data encryption when there is a decision to encrypt and that those encrypted communications be retrievable for later production as necessary; and

WHEREAS, when public safety requires secure voice and data communications to avoid the interception of information by nefarious actors, public safety LMR systems have used a variety of encryption methodologies for many years; and

WHEREAS, public safety previously used digital trunking LMR25 systems, which until recently provided a measure of security as digital communications could not be easily monitored; however, today, digital systems are easily monitored using radio service applications on mobile phones by anyone, anywhere; and

WHEREAS, police are charged with conducting investigations on police, criminal investigations involving undercover operations and surveillance, and investigations on other government employees who have access to public safety communications or who can be alerted by individuals “without a need to know” about a police investigation through access to unencrypted public safety communications known as “in the clear”; and

WHEREAS, public safety has a responsibility and obligation to the public to shield sensitive information collected from individuals from finding its way to criminal suspects, thereby compromising trust in police to keep “law enforcement sensitive” information secure. Securing data via encryption is a necessity; and

WHEREAS, public safety faces cybersecurity attacks such as ransomware, which brings to the fore a need and public demand to secure police information via encryption. Both public safety voice and data files need protection from these type of attacks, which threaten to compromise confidentiality of public  safety sensitive information and disclose it into the public domain by nefarious actors; and

WHEREAS, in 2001, the National Institute of Standards &Technology (NIST)26 retired support of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) encryption methods and replaced DES with support of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES is a cryptographic cipher that uses a block length of 128 bits and key lengths of 128, 192, 256 bits, or more depending upon application. Project 25 (P25) standards, the recognized public safety grade LMR standards, recommend use of AES as the LMR encryption standard. NIST continues to update a suite of standards and modify data encryption standards for data at rest and data in transit. NIST AES standards will evolve to mitigate the use of greater computing power, which allows decryption of data communications and information by nefarious actors; and

WHEREAS, if public safety LMR radios are capable of only accepting one crypto key, AES 25627 is the choice to allow interoperability with other federal, state, and local agencies; and

WHEREAS, state and local first responders procure most of the LMR and data communications  equipment and are responsible for appropriate storage, and the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has long provided guidance on best practices regarding communications and technology issues, consistent with that history, public safety agencies are encouraged to require NIST- recommended standards appropriate for their application using AES in all requests for information (RFIs) and requests for proposals (RFPs); therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the IACP strongly urges public safety agencies choosing to encrypt voice and data communications to choose the NIST-recommended AES suite for their future evolved encryption schemes, and require AES encryption standards appropriate for their application in all RFIs and RFPs; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP strongly recommends public safety agencies adopt the AES 256 standard for police LMR operations and where appropriate, for use on Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-licensed channels specifically set aside for encrypted interoperability; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that IACP recommends international agencies adopt appropriate similar interoperable national encryption standards when AES are unavailable or impractical for their use.

25 See SAFECOM, Federal Partnership for Interoperable Communications (FPIC), and National Committee for Statewide Interoperability Coordinators (NCSWIC), “Encryption Key Management Fact Sheet,” 2020

26 See Morris J. Dworkin et al., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Federal Information Processing Standards 197 (Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001); see Security and Privacy Controls for  Information Systems Management, Rev. 5, NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53 (2020); Digital Identity Guidelines, NIST SP 800-63 (2020); and Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and  Organizations, Rev. 2, NIST SP 800-171 (2020) for specific and updated encryption standards across voice and data systems, networks and platforms.

27 SAFECOM, FPIC, and NCSWIC, Guidelines for Encryption in Land Mobile Radio Systems (Arlington, VA:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, rev. 2020).

Submitted by: Crime Prevention Committee

Cosponsored by: Community Policing Committee, Police Administration Committee, and Police Investigative Operations Committee

CPC.09.20

WHEREAS, many law enforcement leaders are grappling with new challenges and increased complexity as they work to protect communities, prevent crime, and build trust across demographic lines in an era of economic disparity, social media, and identity politics;28 and

WHEREAS, current challenges for law enforcement agencies involve increased scrutiny and expectations related to accountability, priority setting, transparency, bail reform, and evidence-based results; and

WHEREAS, though this struggle is playing out in locales around the globe, the solutions vary; and

WHEREAS, recent research suggests that effective crime prevention requires focus and ongoing dialogue about public expectations, public safety priorities, police capacity, and processes for addressing gaps between public expectations and law enforcement outcomes;29 and

WHEREAS, in order to understand and inform community crime prevention priorities, this solution requires law enforcement agencies to both communicate effectively and adopt modest but consistent ways of engaging the public in planning; and

WHEREAS, a brief and concise plan requires thoughtfully constructed engagement30 around the past, present, and future of policing;31 and

WHEREAS, stakeholder engagement is a key factor that influences public perceptions of agency value and legitimacy;32 and 

WHEREAS, law enforcement agencies will be more likely to implement and sustain plans over time if stakeholders view planning priorities as belonging to a broader team or community rather than to an individual leader;33   therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) supports raising awareness of the benefits resulting from community police engagement which include agenda setting and capacity building mechanisms; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP affirms and encourages the practices of effective community-police planning and public communication of policing priorities.

28 Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (Washington, DC: Office for Community Oriented Policing, 2015).

29 Sara E. McClellan and Bryon G. Gustafson, “Police-Community Planning,” Police Chief Online, October 9, 2019.

30 Henry Mintzberg, “The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 1994.

31 Jihong “Solomon” Zhao, Quint C. Thurman, and Ling Ren, “An Examination of Strategic Planning in American Law Enforcement Agencies—A National Study,” Police Quarterly 11, no. 1 (March 2008): 3–26.

32 Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing.

33 McClellan and Gustafson, “Police-Community Planning.”

Submitted by: Crime Prevention Committee

Cosponsored by: Police Investigative Operations Committee

CPC.10.20

WHEREAS, the October 2019 edition of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Police Chief magazine was dedicated to the enhancements of crime prevention methods and programs that ultimately were found to lower crime and enhanced the quality of life for our communities; and

WHEREAS, the use of joint crime prevention education programs, along with community-police engagement coupled with a proactive policing strategy, dramatically lowered crime rates across the United States, ultimately keeping these crime rates low for more than 20 years; and

WHEREAS, these traditional methods of crime prevention and proactive community policing have established a tried and true benefit to our cities and towns nationwide; and

WHEREAS, in some communities, the tradition of patrol officers and detectives staying engaged with proactive policing has slowed, and in some metropolitan areas, it has regressed to the point that fewer and fewer field stops of individuals suspected of committing crimes is occurring;34 and, this reduction in proactive field interviews of suspicious individuals has caused some communities to experience an increase in quality of life crimes;35 and

WHEREAS, in many midsize and larger metropolitan police jurisdictions, due to a variety of reasons, proactive police-and-suspect field engagements has declined dramatically, and in some states where policies have contributed to a reduction in proactive policing, like California, crime has been on the increase for the first time in over 20 years;36 and

WHEREAS, a strategy of using low-cost GPS tracking technologies where items typically stolen in a community were secured with electronic/GPS clandestine trackers, and the offenders stealing these items would be captured during their criminal act, and thus removed from the community;37 and

WHEREAS, this strategy of using low-cost GPS technologies for targeted arrests has allowed officers to reengage in the field with suspects during their criminal acts, with the evidentiary support of confirmed probable cause, thus avoiding any of the civil or political issues or conflicts or other specious complaints;38 and

WHEREAS, an article in the October 2019 IACP Police Chief magazine outlined many cities already successfully employing this GPS technology of part of their community policing strategy, including Redlands, California; Nassau County, New York; Miami-Dade, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California; and

WHEREAS, these and other U.S. cities and towns have successfully used this electronic-based GPS crime prevention method, including business and community locations, to impact repressible quality-of-life crimes like convenience store robberies, vehicle burglaries, commercial safe thefts, bicycle thefts from campus environments, tire and wheel thefts, construction site thefts, brass fire department connections and scrap metal thefts, pharmacy burglaries, vending machine thefts, parcel thefts (USPS/UPS/FedEx), laptop thefts from student coffee shops, organized retail crime (ORC), smartphone robberies and burglaries, credit card skimming thefts, and cemetery/graveside thefts;39and,

WHEREAS, in these cities and towns where these modern-day crime prevention strategies have been employed have enjoyed significant reductions in thefts/robberies/burglaries, and other quality-of-life crimes, it is recommended that the IACP promote these crime prevention strategies on a large-scale basis;40 therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the IACP, will hereby support the overall concept of preventing crime through the application of GPS-based technology; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the IACP recommends that its members foster understanding and promote dialogue of this crime prevention method through GPS-based technology within the policing profession to lower crime, ultimately remove offenders and lower the necessity of arrests due to lower incidents of crime, and thus enhance the quality of life in our communities.

34 Mark Berman et al., “Major U.S. Cities, Gripped with Crisis, Now Face Spike in Deadly Shootings, Including of  Children,” Washington Post, July 6, 2020; Mark Morales and Eric Levenson, “New York City Crime Stats Show Spike  in Burglaries and Murders So Far This Year,” CNN, June 16, 2020; Marcus Santos and Anthony M. DeStefano,  “NYPD Commissioner Immediately Disbands Controversial Plainclothes Anti-crime Unit,” Newsday, July 16, 2020.

35 Public Policy Institute of California, “Proposition 47 Linked to Increase in Some Property Crimes, But Not Violent  Crime,” press release, June 13, 2018; Timothy Williams, “Violent Crime in U.S. Rises for Second Consecutive Year,” New York Times, September 25, 2017.

36 Erica Sandberg, “After Proposition 47: Crime and No Consequences in California,” National Review, January 30, 2018.

37 Travis Martinez, Using GPS Technology to Investigate Crime Trends (National Resource and Technical Assistance Center for Improving Law Enforcement Investigations, 2017).

38 Martinez, Using GPS Technology to Investigate Crime Trends.

39 Richard T. Long, “Crime Prevention Through Targeted Arrest Strategies,” Police Chief Online, October 23, 2019.

40 Martinez, Using GPS Technology to Investigate Crime Trends.

Submitted by: Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Committee

NDDC.11.20

WHEREAS, there is a need for domestic law enforcement agencies at all levels to increase investigative collaboration and the sharing of criminal information in order to target and dismantle criminal organizations and operations effectively;41 and

WHEREAS, event and target deconfliction are necessary for officer safety and investigative collaboration among federal, state, local, tribal, territorial (FSLTT), and international law enforcement communities;42 and

WHEREAS, event deconfliction is the process of determining when law enforcement personnel are conducting an event in close proximity to one another at the same time, such as search warrants, undercover operations, and surveillance43 and

WHEREAS, target and investigative data deconfliction notifies law enforcement personnel when multiple parties are conducting an investigation focused on the same target or have an interest in the same investigative details;44 and

WHEREAS, with more than 800,000 sworn officers throughout the United States, it is essential that law enforcement agencies integrate target and investigative data deconfliction into agency operations;45 and

WHEREAS, the Nationwide Deconfliction Pointer Solution (NDPS) is an event, target, and investigative data deconfliction pointer system that interfaces with existing systems to determine whether any participating agency has an interest in the same event, investigative target, and/or investigative data;46and

WHEREAS, the Nationwide Deconfliction Council (NDC), comprised of representatives from the FSLTT law enforcement community, facilitates and expands nationwide deconfliction through NDPS development and maintenance, serves as a forum for FSLTT representatives to discuss deconfliction- related matters, and promotes systematic deconfliction by all FSLTT law enforcement entities; and

WHEREAS, agency personnel can contact the NDC to identify and obtain access to systems participating in NDPS;47 therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that, to implement systematic event, target, and investigative data deconfliction into agency operations, agencies should adopt policies and procedures requiring the use of one of the nationally recognized deconfliction systems comprising NDPS; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that agencies should collaborate with other law enforcement agencies in their jurisdictions, regions, and states to advance and support the use of these and similar systems; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that agencies should provide training for their personnel on how to use these systems; and be it

FURTHER RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) recognizes that event, target, and investigative data deconfliction systems work more effectively as more law enforcement agencies use them.

41 Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative Advisory Committee (GAC),   Strategic Solutions to Transform Our Na ti on’s Justice and Public Safety and Information Sharing: A Call to Action  (Washington, DC: GAC, 2012).

42 BJA, GAC, National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan: Building a National Capability for Effective Criminal

Intelligence Development and the Nationwide Sharing of Intelligence and Information (Washington, DC: GAC, 2013).

43 Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA), “Investigative Support Center.”

44 HIDTA, “Investigative Support Center.”

45 National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, “Law Enforcement Facts.”

46 BJA, National Criminal Intelligence Resource Center, “National Virtual Pointer System” (fact sheet), 2014; BJA

“Call to Action: A Global Unified Message Regarding Information Sharing,” May 2019.

47 BJA, National Criminal Intelligence Resource Center, Nationwide Officer Safety Event Deconfliction.

Submitted by: Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Committee

NDDC.12.20

WHEREAS, violent crime is a defining features of illicit drug markets;48 and

WHEREAS, enormous profits associated with drug trafficking enable transnational criminal organizations and foreign terrorist organizations to finance criminal and terrorist activities;49 and

WHEREAS, transnational criminal organizations have permeated many countries throughout the world, including the United States, threaten the safety and security of the public, derive revenue through widespread illegal conduct—including acts of violence—and are responsible for promoting high levels of drug addiction and abuse;50 and

WHEREAS, violent street gangs remain the primary retail-level distributors of illicit drugs in their respective territories and vie for control of lucrative drug trafficking markets, which continues to fuel the majority of gang violence;51 and

WHEREAS, some 33,000 violent gangs are criminally active in the United States and employ violence and intimidation to control neighborhoods and enhance their illegal money-making activities, including robbery, extortion, drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and a multitude of other crimes;52 and

WHEREAS, inter-gang conflict and drug-related factors affect local levels of violence;53 and

WHEREAS, federal prisons hold tens of thousands of drug traffickers, many weapons offenders, and other dangerous individuals, including nearly 23,000 gang-affiliated inmates;54 and

WHEREAS, drug traffickers have a more extensive arrest history than other offenders and tend to be more likely to commit other criminal activity than are other types of offenders with over 72 percent of drug offenders in U.S. federal prison having at least some criminal history;55 and

WHEREAS, among the 19,765 federal defendants convicted for drug trafficking in the United States during FY 2019, 55 percent had at least two prior criminal history points, indicating a substantial criminal history;56 and

WHEREAS, as of 2017, 28 percent of federal drug offenders convicted of drug trafficking offenses carrying mandatory minimum penalties had a conviction or guideline finding involving the use of a weapon, violence or credible threats of violence, or death or serious bodily injury;57 and

WHEREAS, numerous studies have found a correlation between methamphetamine and increased violent crime58 including domestic violence59 property crimes,60 and homicide;61 and

WHEREAS, the connection between drug trafficking and violence is so well-settled that courts have repeatedly held that guns and other weapons are the “tools of the trade” of drug traffickers;62 and

WHEREAS, more than 67,000 people in the United States were killed by drugs in 2018 alone;63 therefore, be it

RESOLVED, that the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) strongly urges the steadfast enforcement of drug trafficking laws at the federal, state, and local levels to combat violent crimes while prioritizing the drug traffickers who pose the greatest threat to our communities and exacerbate the  drug problem by employing violence to facilitate the drug trade.

48 “Drugs and Corruption,” Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2010 (New York, NY: United Nations, 2011): 1–13.

49 National Security Council, “Disrupt Drug Trafficking and its Facilitation of Other Transnational Threats,” Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime (Washington, DC: National Security Council, 2011); U.S. Department of the Treasury, National Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment, 2015 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2015): 11, 16.

50 Donald J. Trump, Presidential Executive Order on Enforcing Federal Law with Respect to Transnational Criminal  Organizations and Preventing International Trafficking, February 9, 2017; National Security Council, “Transnational  Organized Crime: A Growing Threat to National and International Security,” A Strategy to Combat Transnational Crime.

51 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 2019 Drug Enforcement Administration National Drug Threat Assessment (Washington, DC: DEA, 2019).