Rethinking Racial Disparities in Police Stops: Why the Benchmark Matters

This brief discusses how using citywide populations as the benchmark for assessing racial disparities in police stops overstates bias and misrepresents the realities of policing.
Adapted from Ratcliffe, J.H. & Hyland, S.S. (2025). Police stops and naïve denominators. Crime Science, 14(10).
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